PENERAPAN GREEN ECONOMY: SEBERAPA HIJAU EKONOMI INDONESIA DITINJAU DARI PERTUMBUHAN EKONOMI, POPULASI, DAN ENERGI TERBARUKAN TAHUN 1990-2020
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May 31, 2023
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Abstract
Green economy is an economic development concept that combines economic development and sustainability. In this concept, development is not only concerned with GDP growth as an indicator of success but also other variables divided in three pillars, economic, social, and environment. On the global scale, many developments have not been particularly interested in sustainability, at least before the recent rise of carbon emission. Green economy as a concept spread to the whole world, including Indonesia. This study aims to investigate the implementation of green economy in Indonesia through the three pillars of green economy: economic through GDP growth and foreign direct investment, social through population growth, and environment through percentage of renewable energy from total energy. This study uses quantitative method mainly ordinary least squares regression. The results are quite interesting, while the impact of GDP growth and population growth follow common conception, meaning it worsens the carbon emission rate, this is also true for the impact of renewable energy on carbon emission which while not significant, it still reduces carbon emission rate. On the other hand, foreign direct investment surprisingly reduces carbon emissions in Indonesia. This is due to the agricultural nature of Indonesia and quite a huge portion of foreign investment is directed to the agriculture sector.
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References
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Fang, W., Liu, Z., & Surya Putra, A. R. (2022). Role of research and development in green economic growth through renewable energy development: Empirical evidence from South Asia. Renewable Energy, 194, 1142-1152.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2022.04.125
Grossman, G. M., & Krueger, A. B. (1995). Economic Growth and the Environment. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 110(2), 353–377. https://doi.org/10.2307/2118443
Hansen, M. C., Potapov, P. V., Moore, R., Hancher, M., Turubanova, S. A., Tyukavina, A., & Townshend, J. (2013). High-resolution global maps of 21st-century forest cover change. science, 342(6160), 850-853. https://www.science.org/doi/abs/10.1126/science.1244693
Jhingan, M. L. (2012). Ekonomi Pembangunan Dan Perencanaan. RajaGrafindo Persada.
Retrieved from https://onesearch.id/Record/IOS4681.JATIM000000000009645 Kasztelan, A. (2017). Green Growth, Green Economy and Sustainable Development:
Terminological and Relational Discourse. Prague Economic Papers, 26(4), 487–499. Diakses dari https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=686936
Lind, D. A., Marchal, W. C., & Wathen, S. A. (2021). Basic Statistics for Business and Economics. Vnbrims.org. Diakses dari http://dspace.vnbrims.org:13000/xmlui/handle/123456789/4563
Martawardaya, B., Rakatama, A., Junifta, D. Y., & Maharani, D. A. (2022). Green economy post COVID-19: insights from Indonesia. Development in Practice, 32(1), 98-106.https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09614524.2021.2002817
Mendonça, A. K. de S., de Andrade Conradi Barni, G., Moro, M. F., Bornia, A. C., Kupek, E., & Fernandes, L. (2020). Hierarchical modeling of the 50 largest economies to verify the impact of GDP, population and renewable energy generation in CO2 emissions. Sustainable Production and Consumption, 22, 58–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spc.2020.02.001
Mohsin, M., Naseem, S., Sarfraz, M., Zia-Ur-Rehman, M., & Baig, S. A. (2022). Does energy use and economic growth allow for environmental sustainability? An empirical analysis of Pakistan. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29(35), 52873-52884. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-19600-5
Nasional Katadata.co.id. (2022, April 25). Diakses pada 6 Mei, 2023, dari laman katadata.co.id: https://katadata.co.id/agung/berita/6265abd09a1b8/populasi-adalah-salah-satu-objek-pene litian-ini-penjelasan-para-ahli
Organisation For Economic Co-Operation And Development. (2023). Diakses dari laman stats.oecd.org: https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?QueryId=64863
Pazienza, P. (2015). The relationship between CO2 and Foreign Direct Investment in the agriculture and fishing sector of OECD countries: Evidence and policy considerations. Intelektinė Ekonomika, 9(1), 55-66. Diakses dari: https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=460042
Rahajeng, L. R. M. (2016). Analisis Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Masuknya Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) Negara Berkembang di Kawasan ASEAN (Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, Kamboja dan Vietnam) Periode 1995-2014. Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa FEB, 4(2). Diakses dari: https://jimfeb.ub.ac.id/index.php/jimfeb/article/view/3227
Rahman, F. (2022, February 21). Geliat Pemanfaatan Energi Terbarukan – Pusat Studi Lingkungan Hidup UGM. Diakses dari laman pslh: https://pslh.ugm.ac.id/geliat-pemanfaatan-energi-terbarukan/Rajagukguk, W. (2015, November 1). HUBUNGAN DEGRADASI LINGKUNGAN DAN PERTUMBUHAN EKONOMI: KASUS INDONESIA. Diakses dari laman repository.uki.ac.id: http://repository.uki.ac.id/530/
Ritchie, H., & Roser, M. (2020). CO2 and Greenhouse Gas Emissions. Our World in Data.
Diakses dari https://ourworldindata.org/co2/country/indonesia
Rosadi, D. (2021, October 22). Sektor Transportasi dan Industri Sumbang Emisi Karbon Terbesar - Industri Katadata.co.id. Diakses pada 6 Mei, 2023, Diakses dari laman katadata.co.id:
https://katadata.co.id/doddyrosadi/berita/6172d1ee2eb7a/sektor-transportasi-dan-industri- sumbang-emisi-karbon-terbesar
Saidi, K., & Omri, A. (2020). The impact of renewable energy on carbon emissions and economic growth in 15 major renewable energy-consuming countries. Environmental research, 186, 109567. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2020.109567
Sukirno, S. (2013). Makroekonomi: Teori Pengantar. Jakarta : Rajawali Pers. Diakses dari https://onesearch.id/Record/IOS3504.libra-163390127
The European Commission. (2017, Desember 20). Glossary:Carbon dioxide emissions. Diakses dari
https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Glossary:Carbon_dioxid e_emissions#:~:text=Carbon%20dioxide%20emissions%20or%20CO,as%20well%20as
%20gas%20flaring
United Nations. (2022, Mei 16). What is renewable energy?. Diakses dari https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/what-is-renewable-energy
Widiastuti, T., Mawardi, I., Sukmaningrum, P. S., Ningsih, S., Al Mustofa, M. U., & Ardiantono,
D. S. (2020). Do foreign investments and renewable energy consumption affect the air quality? case study of ASEAN countries. Journal of Security and Sustainability Issues, 9(3), 1057-1063. https://jssidoi.org/jssi/papers/papers/view/487
Widyawati, R. F., Hariani, E., Ginting, A. L., & Nainggolan, E. (2021). Pengaruh Pertumbuhan Ekonomi, Populasi Penduduk Kota, Keterbukaan Perdagangan Internasional Terhadap Emisi Gas Karbon Dioksida (CO2) Di Negara ASEAN. Jambura Agribusiness Journal, 3(1), 37-47. https://doi.org/10.37046/jaj.v3i1.11193