FAKTOR DOMINASI IKAN SAPU-SAPU (Pterygoplichthys sp.) SEBAGAI SPESIES INVASIF: ADAPTASI DAN BIOAKUMULASI LOGAM BERAT
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Abstract
Freshwater ecosystems in Indonesia are currently facing increasing environmental pressure due to anthropogenic activities, including domestic, industrial, and agricultural waste, which contribute to declining water quality and rising heavy metal contamination. These conditions have altered aquatic community structures and promoted the dominance of invasive species, particularly the suckermouth armored catfish (Pterygoplichthys sp.). This study aims to analyze the factors contributing to the dominance of Pterygoplichthys sp. in Indonesian freshwater ecosystems, examine its morphological and physiological adaptations, evaluate its capacity for heavy metal bioaccumulation, and assess the ecological impacts and implications for both the environment and human health. The study employed a qualitative descriptive method through a comprehensive literature review of relevant scientific publications. The findings indicate that Pterygoplichthys sp. possesses a high level of adaptability to extreme environmental conditions, including waters with low dissolved oxygen levels and high pollution loads. These adaptations are supported by morphological characteristics such as bony armor plates and a sucker-shaped mouth, as well as physiological traits including the use of an accessory respiratory organ and tolerance to environmental stress. Furthermore, this species is capable of accumulating various heavy metals, including lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), and arsenic (As), indicating the occurrence of bioaccumulation resulting from exposure to contaminated environments. The combination of adaptive capacity and tolerance to heavy metals provides a competitive advantage over native species, thereby strengthening its dominance in freshwater ecosystems. The dominance of Pterygoplichthys sp. has been associated with reduced biodiversity, alterations in trophic structure, disruption of local fisheries, and potential human health risks through the consumption of contaminated fish. Therefore, the dominance of the suckermouth armored catfish is the result of interactions among adaptive capabilities, heavy metal bioaccumulation, and environmental degradation, which collectively support the success of this invasive species in colonizing Indonesian freshwater ecosystems.
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