Desain Konseptual ECO-CAP: Tinjauan Pustaka Sistematis Karbon Aktif Limbah Ban dan Bio-Binder Berbasis Pati untuk Superkapasitor Ramah Lingkungan

Abstract

Waste tire residues constitute a persistent environmental liability owing to their cross-linked polymer architecture and biological inertness. Simultaneously, the commercialization of advanced energy storage devices is constrained by prohibitive manufacturing costs and reliance on environmentally harmful synthetic binders such as polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF). This study proposes ECO-CAP, a conceptual supercapacitor system integrating high-purity activated carbon derived from waste tires with a cassava starch-based green bio-binder, addressing four principal research objectives. (a) Based on a systematic review of ten open-access primary sources (2021–2026), tire-derived activated carbon produced via pyrolysis at 700–800°C followed by KOH chemical activation (mass ratio 1:2 to 1:4) consistently yields electrode materials with specific surface areas (S-BET) of 100–1,200 m² g⁻¹, hierarchical micro-mesopore structures, and in-situ S/N heteroatom doping that simultaneously enhances electrical conductivity and introduces pseudocapacitive contributions. (b) Comparative analysis of biopolymer binder systems demonstrates that the abundant hydroxyl groups of cassava starch form strong hydrogen bonds with the carbon electrode surface, enabling water-processable electrode fabrication while eliminating the need for toxic N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (NMP) solvent, with electrochemical performance comparable to PVDF. (c) Based on a material analogy approach derived from meta-analysis of analogous material systems in the literature, ECO-CAP is projected to achieve a specific capacitance of 150–210 F g⁻¹ at 1 A g⁻¹, energy density of 18–30 Wh kg⁻¹, power density of 300–600 W kg⁻¹, and cycle retention of ≥85% after 1,000 cycles in a symmetric two-electrode cell configuration with aqueous KOH electrolyte; these projections require experimental validation through cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge-discharge, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy characterization. (d) The fabrication cost of ECO-CAP electrodes is estimated to be 85–94% lower than that of conventional systems, and the dual valorization of waste tires alongside the elimination of hazardous chemicals from the production chain provide a compelling economic rationale for circular economy implementation aligned with SDGs 7 and 12.